Dandruff is a very common problem affecting as many as 50% of the general population at some time during their life. The condition is generally characterized by the presence of typical flakes in the hair and on the scalp and by itching of the scalp. Dandruff problems may cause discomfort and a negative self-image. Dandruff formation has not as yet been completely clarified. In most cases it occurs because of excessive growth of the Pityrosporum ovale fungus which is commonly found on a healthy scalp and whose multiplication is triggered by different external and internal factors. Dandruff is identified by tiny white flakes which scale off the scalp. It is often accompanied by an itchy and reddened scalp. Dandruff is age-related. It is rarely seen before puberty, but is characteristically common with the onset of puberty. It peaks in the early twenties and declines in middle and old age. Dandruff appears to be seasonally conditioned, being most severe in the winter months and milder in the summer. It is triggered by different internal factors such as hormonal changes, increased sebum secretion and stress, and external factors such as nutrition, climate and use of different head coverings. Dandruff formation is not sex-related, it is equally common among males and females. Dandruff is not contagious. It cannot be passed on from one person to another by sharing pillows or combs. Scratching can irritate the scalp even more and may cause the flakes to fall off the scalp; therefore excessive scratching and irritation should better be avoided. To solve the dandruff problem, dermatological care of the hair and scalp is necessary. The purpose of anti-dandruff care is to inhibit growth of the Pityrosporum ovale (Malassezia furfur) fungus, the main causative pathogen of dandruff, and to effectively relieve itching and irritation of the scalp.
